An acceptable alternative approach is to place one paddle anteriorly over
the left <B><FONT COLOR="#ffffff">precordium </FONT></B>and the other posteriorly
behind the heart, in the left infrascapular location. Another approach would
be to place the anterior paddle over the left apex with the posterior paddle
placed in the left infrascapular location.<SUP><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="http://localhost:8032/servlet/lp?url=Book_ACLS/ACLS_ch04/ch04_ref.htx#anchor0048"
Recent advances allow instantaneous measurement of transthoracic impedance
before delivery of a defibrillating shock.<SUP><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="http://localhost:8032/servlet/lp?url=Book_ACLS/ACLS_ch04/ch04_ref.htx#anchor0045"
TARGET="Footnote #45">45</A></FONT></SUP> The optimal current for ventricular
defibrillation appears to be 30 to 40 A.<SUP><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="http://localhost:8032/servlet/lp?url=Book_ACLS/ACLS_ch04/ch04_ref.htx#anchor0046"
as shown in <A HREF="http://localhost:8032/servlet/lp?url=Book_ACLS/ACLS_ch04/fig04_03.htx" TARGET="_blank">Fig 3 <IMG SRC="Book_ACLS/ACLS_Source_Art/ico04_03.GIF"
WIDTH="32" HEIGHT="32" ALIGN="BOTTOM" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A>. These adhesive
pads have two functions to record the rhythm and to deliver the electric
shock. A fully automated defibrillator requires only that the operator attach
the defibrillatory pads and turn on the device. If VF (or VT above a preset
rate) is present, the device will charge its capacitors and deliver a shock.</P>
<A NAME="anchor58"></A>
<P>Semiautomated or shock-advisory devices require additional operator steps,
including pressing an "analyze" control to initiate rhythm analysis
and pressing a "shock" control to deliver the shock. The shock
control is pressed only when the device identifies VF and "advises"
the operator to press the shock control.</P>
<A NAME="anchor59"></A>
<P>Fully automated defibrillators were developed with simple requirements
for use by operators with limited training. In general, this user group
has comprised family members of high-risk patients and emergency personnel
who are rarely called on to treat patients in cardiac arrest.</P>
<A NAME="anchor60"></A>
<P>Shock-advisory AEDs may be safer because they never enter the analysis
mode unless activated by the operator and they leave the final decision
of whether to deliver the shock to the operator. This increase in safety
is more theoretical than real because clinical experience suggests that
the devices are equally safe with or without the operator pushing the final